NEED FOR ALTERNATIVE FUEL-NUCLEAR ENERGY

+ Need for this nuclear energy becomes the most reliable one after the declination of the fossil fuels.

+ Also this causes less emission of CO2 & other green house gases & produces more energy than the conventional fossil fuel.

+ At the same time the methodology is also available to us, there is no need for developing methods now.

+ The raw materials are also available in abundant.

+ Even a single plant produce huge amount of energy.

- As there are two sides for everything on this earth. It also has few drawbacks.

- All we have to do is to take care while handling these nuclear substances, by doing this we can save our earth & natural resources from getting extinguished.

+ Also H. LaRouche Jr. gave an excellent explanation in the video above "why we need nuclear energy?"

ALTERNATIVE FUEL-NUCLEAR ENERGY

NUCLEAR ENERGY- WORKING PRINCIPLE

ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS ON ORGANISMS

>Most of the organisms that endangered are expected to lose there habitat soon.

>It was found that more than 80%belong to the above category.

>Out the the many the endemic species are most affected, as they could not cover long areas for there migration.

>This in turn causes loss of some great species. As our ecosystem is well interconnected to various species, even if one breaks the whole system may collapse.

>That's why we must protect our environment & endangered species.

>This will save our earth & natural resources.

WEATHER GOONA BE SEVERE THIS YEAR!!!!!!!!!!

Ya this is gonna be experienced in a short while.

Due to various environmental problems there are variations in the the weather & also its gonna be very severe.

The winter is gonna go to its extreme low temperature, not only cold the heat is also gonna increase tremendously.

The increase or decrease might be of the range 2-5degrees. Which is gonna create huge problems.

If this type of environmental problems exists & even increases then there would be adverse effects on the weather.

So we have to save our earth & natural resources 

TIPS TO SAVE OUR EARTH& NATURAL RESOURCES

* Conserve ENERGY as much as you can, which is the major requirement.

* Use Eco friendly goods that can save our earth from solid depositions.

* Find alternate fuel which will emit low or nill toxic gases in to atmosphere.

* Plant as many plants as you can, this has lot to do in saving our earth in all aspects.

* Avoid those materials which would affect our environment.

 

TIPS TO SAVE OUR EARTH & NATURAL RESOURCES

The first & the foremost thing is that we have to initiate our best, contribute in some or the other way.

Then on doing our part is not enough, now we have to promote others, create awareness among them about what have everyone to do, how will this work so that they will also contribute there possible & spread this throughout the world.

With the improvement of technology, we don't have go to each & everyone's place & create awareness. We can just do it by sitting at our place by utilizing the various social sites like FACEBOOK, TWITTER, etc.

By doing this we can surely save our earth & natural resources 

GREEN TIP 4 THE DAY

Its found that 

If we plant 1 tree

                  

           that will consume        

                         27kg pollution/year.

So i would request every1 to plant 1 sapling so that we could save our earth & natural resources

GUINNESS WORLD RECORD REGISTERED AT Leh

* Yesterday a historic day at a small village which is 40km from Leh.

* Around 9,000 people planted 50,033 saplings in33min 25sec in 1.12 lakh sq yard area.

* This became the new world record beating the earlier one which was 27,166 saplings which was done by Peru.

* This great program was started on 10-10-10 at 10hr 10min 10 sec.

* Such awareness program can save our earth & natural resources

GENERAL TIPS FOR SOLVING ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

There are few creative tips which on following can solve the environmental problems to a certain extent.

 These are been discussed below:

$  EFFECTIVE CONSUMPTION:

       Effective consumption has to be taken in all means & aspects of one's life. There should be efficient usage of mainly energy followed by various day-to-day material like clothes utensils etc. It means we have to buy those things that has long life span, less amount of resources & carbon dioxide release should be negligible.

$ LOW ENERGY EFFICIENCY AT HOME:

$ RECYCLE & REUSE

$ USE ECO-FRIENDLY PRODUCTS

ALL SUCH & MORE CREATIVE IDEAS CAN HELP US TO SAVE OUR EARTH & NATURAL RESOURCES.

      

REUSE OF PLASTIC & PAPER BAGS

@ REUSE OF PLASTIC & PAPER BAGS WHICH TAKES LONG TIME TO DEGRADE.
 

@ INSTEAD USE THOSE HIGH QUALITY PLASTIC BAG THAT CAN BE RECYCLED

@ FROM THE SURVEY IT WAS FOUND THAT 500 BILLION - 1 TRILLION AMOUNT OF BAGS ARE DISPOSED EVERY YEAR.

@ THESE PLASTIC BAGS TAKE 1000'S OF YEARS TO DEGRADE AFTER THEY ARE BURIED UNDER THE SOIL.

@ THIS NOT ONLY AFFECTS THE SOIL BUT ALSO CAUSES HUGE PROBLEMS TO AQUATIC LIFE.

@ ALSO IT PRODUCTION REQUIRES MILLION GALLONS OF OIL WHICH IS ALSO IN GREAT THREAT.

@ THIS WAY WE HAVE TO SEE FROM VARIOUS ANGLE & SELECT THE BEST POSSIBLE SOLUTION N EVERY ASPECT.

@ BY DOING THIS WE CAN SAVE OUR EARTH & NATURAL RESOURCES

 

NEW INNOVATIVE METHOD TO STORE RAIN WATER

GREEN ROOF TECHNOLOGY

This is the new innovative method to store rain water at the same time it keeps your house cool.

All we have to do is make use of inorganic materials or soil which is found in local which can hold some water & can store it by passing it through the way provided.

This new technology if brought into maximum use will do various good like:

* CONSERVE HUGE AMOUNT OF ENERGY

* SAVES WATER FOR USAGE. 

* MAKES THE HOME COOL NATURALLY

* PREVENT OZONE LAYER DEPLETION

This way by introducing such green methods we can SAVE OUR EARTH & NATURAL RESOURCES

THE GLOBAL SHELLFISH DECLINING---ACIDIFICATION OF OCEANS

Now -a -days the amount of CO2 has been increasing in this world. This has created problems not only in the air but also it is causing problems in water.

This CO2 gets dissolved in the water (mainly oceans) and there by reducing the amount of O2 available in the water for the living things present in the water to live.

This in turn causes death of many aquatic life. Along with this it is also acidifying the ocean to a larger extent. This acidified water causes deaths of "shell fish". 

If this continues at this or even at higher rate, then its very difficult to find out living organisms in water in a decade or so.

So we have to create awareness and acting immediately & rightly, in order to control this problem.

Not only the great ideas will solve this problem, there should be relevant actions also to be taken. Good ideas with proper action we ca " SAVE OUR EARTH & NATURAL RESOURCES".

SAVE OUR EARTH & NATURAL RESOURCES

NOW A DAYS THE AMOUNT OF TREES ARE REDUCING TO GREATER EXTENT.

The trees are been cut for most of the other purposes like:

* EXPANSION OF CITIES

* MAKING PAPER

* PRODUCTION OF MEDICINE & OTHER COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS

* EXPANSION OF AGRICULTURE & OTHER LAND UTILITIES

* HERE ANYTHING TO DE DONE THE FIRST THING WHICH IS ELIMINATED IS FORESTS.

We should know that by eliminating forests one day we also will be eliminated. Faster we eliminate the trees faster we will get eliminated. 

So all we have to do is to save the trees from being cutoff. Also we have to plant number of sapling & at regular interval.

This way we can SAVE OUR EARTH & NATURAL RESOURCES!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

SOLAR ENERGY

TRADITIONAL METHOD:

Here silicon is used as the material to convert the solar energy into electrical energy. This is was the primitive method used to convert the solar energy into electrical energy. As it posed few drawbacks that makes it unfit to be used at a larger area.

DRAWBACKS:

* COST of production of solar cells was too high.

* Even 99.5% pure silicon doesn't provide that efficient solar cells.

* Always requires flat surface for installation.

* And many more

LATEST METHOD:

Here we use polymer material instead of silicon, which has wide advantages.

The process is similar to the traditional one, only the material is changed.

ADVANTAGES:

* COST of production is very low.

* Easily available, as it is similar to polythene.

* Can be made of any shape and any size, & can be used under any adverse conditions.

* Efficiency is also high, if research is carried on this and it is sure that even our mobile phones will be using battery of this material.

* Mainly it is eco-friendly.

So by using such eco-friendly materials we can save our earth & natural resources.

 

VARIOUS RENEWABLE ENERGY AVAILABLE

As we were talking about the renewable energy, there are various renewable energy that are available.

Those are listed as follows:

* SOLAR ENERGY

* THERMAL ENERGY

* WIND ENERGY

* TIDAL ENERGY

Out of these only solar energy is providing maximum energy and also this is available in abundant in nature.
This is everlasting one too.

Use this and save our earth & natural resources.

NEED FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY

As everywhere there are huge problems of energy & and its conservation. Day by day the amount of fossil fuel available on this globe is reducing down, at the same time the popullation is increasing rapidly. Due to this the demand for energy is going on increasing.

Now we are attached too much to energy that we require it 24x7. Imagining life without it is like fish with out water. If this energy gets exhausted then our life is unimaginable. So this brings the need for renewable energy.

Renewable energy is the one which we can rely upon as it is available in abundant.

All we have to do is find various effective renewable energy that can replace the existing fossil fuels. This will only help us to live with energy.

So use renewable energy and save our earth & natural resources.

INCREASE IN POLPULATION INCREASES GLOBAL WARMING

As the population of the world is rising tremendously, the usage of fossil fuels is also high, which in turn leads to lot of emission of green house gases in to the atmosphere.

This has been todays major problem causing global warming.

All we have to do is control population growth

& save our earth & natural resources

VARIOUS SOURCES OF GREEN HOUSE GASES

Most of you would be aware of various sources of green house gases. These are very common like, mainly industrial effluent, fossil fuels, etc.

but even sulphur in the form of  trifluoromethyl sulphur pentafluoride (SF₅CF₃) is also contributing to various green house gases.

So we have to save our earth & natural resoures

trifluoromethyl sulphur pentafluoride (SF₅CF₃) fossil fuels, methane from farm animals, forest destruction, rotting/dead vegetation

SOLID WASTES POSING PROBLEM

Solid wastes is now posing huge problems to this world. Especially its disposal and its management.

As the human population is increasing tremendously along with land surfaces getting sub merged under water, the land portion available for normal living has been reduced.

Along with this many solids which cannot be recycled & reused needs space to be dumped, which finds difficulty in availability & also poses problem to everyone in the environment.

This is also a contributor for increase in global warming.

Also these solids consume huge energy & cost to recycle.

All we have to do is to produce such goods which can be recycled by faster, cheaper means.

We all have to SAVE OUR EARTH & NATURAL RESOURCES

DECLINE IN DRINKING WATER LEVEL-GLOBAL WARMING

Another problem caused by GLOBAL WARMING is the reduction in drinking water quantity.

Global warming is melting the ice caps & letting the fresh water to get mixed into the oceans which is not favorable for drinking & even many purposes.

This along with drastic increment in population and demand for water requirement creates greater problem.

So SAVE OUR EARTH & NATURAL RESOURCES

ENERGY CRISES

Energy crises is a huge threat to the people on the earth.

As we are so attached with it 24x7 throughout our life, now its very difficult 4 us to live with out it.

Just imagine 1 day, only one day without energy, how disaster your life would be without it.

The reasons are many for this energy crises.

As the non- renewable source of fuels are distributed unevenly throughout the world along with population explosion it has created a dead line for the availability of fossil fuels.

Now we have to save our earth & natural resources.

For this all we have to do is find an alternative source of energy and that to renewable source with sufficient efficiency.

In this search mostly we can go for solar cells, as every1 knows solar energy is abundant in nature and can be utilized.

But now we have to implement few modifications on the previously available techniques in order to minimize its drawbacks.

For example the conventional solar cells were made up of silicon cells, which had high production cost.

Now we can replace those inorganic materials by organic polymer, which will reduce the cost of production and is also easily available at low rate.

Even it possesses various merits that it can be used in any environmental conditions any could be used in any shapes.

So developing such type of alternative source of energy that to renewable source would help us to fight against such energy crises.

All is in our hand, we have to SAVE OUR EARTH & NATURAL RESOURCES.

LETS DO IT!!!!!!!!!!

save earth

HEY FRIENDS WE ALL HAVE TO PLANT ATLEAST TWO SAPLINGS PER HEAD TO REDUCE THE EXISTING AMOUNT OF GREEN HOUSE GASES IN THIS ATMOSPHERE


TREES HELP IN ABSORBING THESE TOXIC GASES & HELPS IN THE REDUCTION OF GREEN HOUSE GASES, WHICH IN TURN REDUCES GLOBal warming

save our earth

SAVE OUR EARTH & NATURAL RESOURCES

All we have to do is conserve in what ever we do.

Always try to save something for others also, let it be energy, food, etc.

Also try to save natural, non renewable resources, by optimized utilization so that our future generation can also enjoy these natural resources.

Also we should always remember that we don't have any rights in disrupting the natural resources which is common to all.

So as a HUMAN we must enjoy our facility and also let others enjoy theirs.

So we are responsible for what we are.

EVERYTHING THING IS POSSIBLE IN THIS WORLD.

But it would take time & effort.

Lets all put in our effort to SAVE OUR EARTH & NATURAL RESOURCES.

ACIDITY KILLING AQUATIC LIFE-GLOBAL WARMING

A recent survey shows that the global warming, which is caused by green house gases has increased acid rains in the globe.

This acid rains decreases the pH of aquatic water, which in return will affect the aquatic life.

Due to such acid rains many of the aquatic species gets exhausted and many aquatic life has even missing in this world.

So we have to control th eemission of green house gases.

CONVENTIONAL FARMING - CONSUMES GREEN HOUSE GASES FROM EARTH

IT WAS FOUND THAT, conventional farming has consumed a greater amount of green house gases.


By doing conventional farming, the scarcity of the food crops can be solved at the same time the amount of green house gases can be reduced from the atmosphere.


This is something great, we can achieve two things at a time.


So i would request u all to promote conventional farming and contribute to reduce both famine and green house gas concentration on earth


SAVE OUR EARTH 

FAMINE----- GLOBAL WARMING

EFFECTS OF FAMINE

Apart from various problems caused by global warming, there a new problem that got added to the existing list is FAMINE.

The global warming if it continues its trend then its expected that globe's 50% would be facing food shortage by a century.

The reason behind this is very simple, the global warming will affect the climatic change, this will result in drought which will affect the agriculture and there by resulting in scarcity of food.

The tropic and the sub-tropic regions would be immensely affected by it.

The reason for affecting mainly the tropic and the sub-tropic region is decline in food production i.e. agriculture also at the same time rapid growth in the population is addition key to it.

So global warming does not a single problem, in turn it forms chains of problems which are related to one another.

From this it is crystal clear that, by controlling global warming we can solve most of the global problems on this earth.

For this we all have to contribute our level best.

SAVE OUR EARTH



 

CORAL BLEACHING CAUSED BY GLOBAL WARMING

CORALS BEFORE BLEACHING

CORALS AFTER BLEACHING

CORAL BLEACHING means whitening of the corals, this is due to the symbiotic algae which live on it leave it.

The reason behind is GLOBAL WARMING.

The temperature under the water is found to be around 34 degree centigrade, which is around 3-4 degree greater than the normal water temperature.

This rise in temperature has lead to coral bleaching, which in turn has resulted in death of around 80% of the species.

If this continues then coral would be completely bleached within few months.

This is mainly found near Indonesia.

These losses in coral will affect the food chain of the aquatic life, also will increase the under water temperature.

This will result in various natural calamities, which will affect everyone.

So we have to bring back coral reefs so that the under water temperature remains steady and also the aquatic food chain is not affected. 

INCULCATING ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS

Apart from eradicating or declining the existing environmental problems, we also should concentrate on eradicating such problems at the initial stage itself.

This could be very fruitful and helpful in many aspects.

As there is an old saying that "PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN CURE", WE CAN PREVENT IT INSTEAD OF CURING IT.

One of the way of preventing it by providing awareness to each and everyone.

We to mainly inculcate this to our budding students who are going to using it in future.

For this they should be taught in schools about this, various encouraging competitions, awards, prizes should be provided to the students to encourage them.

For example The Science Club of Chinmaya Vidyalaya, Tripunithura, Andhra Pradesh, India inculcated the minds of their members who were seventh to ninth students with an energetic slogan like "We can and we must save our planet earth".

The students who participated in this werre from 16 schools, there were few competitions held, prizes were provided.

If this is continuously carried over all parts of the globe, then the environmental problem will be negligible.

"IT IS NOT THAT EASY, BUT IT IS ACHIEVABLE IF WE ALL CONTRIBUTE OUR BEST"
 
 

MELTING OF AN ICE CAP MEANS?

Ice cap refers to the blocks of ice in the poles.
You might know that the sun radiates lot of energy. One among them is the heat energy in the form of Infra red rays or simply known as heat rays. There are few gases present in the earth’s atmosphere like CO₂, methane, SO_X, NO_X, etc. which are known as green house gases. These are the main gases which enhances global warming.

The sun’s radiation enter the earth’s surface, after hitting the earth’s surface it’s again to leave the earth’s surface. But this is being blocked by a thick blanket of green house gases. This blanket only allows the sun’s radiation to enter the earth and doesn’t allow it to leave the earth. Thereby causing increase in the earth’s average temperature. This causes global warming which would melt the ice caps at the poles. This is called melting of an ice cap.

GLOBAL WARMING CAUSING THINING OF ICE IN ARCTIC

WHY THE ARCTIC BEING IS WATCHED UNDER A MICROSCOPE?
The Arctic has become the global warming’s victim. This region is found to be very sensitive and maximum affected by global warming. This has turned the attention of most scientists towards it. The scientists are analyzing the various effects of global warming on Arctic region. 
2. WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS THAT THE ARCTIC IS UNDERGOING NOW?

Compared to the various places in this globe, the average temperature in the Arctic region is doubling up. Due to this drastic temperature rise the Arctic ice is getting melted & becoming thin day by day. For instance, the largest single block of ice in the Arctic, the Ward Hunt Ice Shelf, has been unaffected for around 3,000 years before it started cracking in 2000. Less than 2 years it got spited, now it started even to break down into   pieces.
The total polar ice cap is contracting. From the images sent by satellites it’s crystal clear that the solid ice in Arctic region is melting at the rate of 9 percent per decade. If the same trend is maintained, by the end of the century one won’t be able to find ice in the Arctic region.
3. HOW WILL THE DRASTIC ICE MELT AFFECT THE ARCTIC?
The native people, wildlife and plants are already being affected this drastic melting of ice. When the Ward Hunt Ice Shelf broke, the extraordinary freshwater lake which was enclosed in it & its sole ecosystem drained into the ocean. Polar bears, whales, walrus and seals are altering their feeding and relocation patterns, thereby making it difficult for native people to hunt them. If this continues then the entire villages along Arctic coastlines has to be uprooted. This is due to the fear of getting flooded. Also the native people of the Arctic feel global warming as a greatest threat to their civilization and their survival.
4. WILL ARCTIC ICE MELT EFFECT BE FELT AWAY FROM THE POLAR REGION?
Yes -- the reduction in the Arctic ice cap is increasing global warming. Normally a shielding layer is formed over the Arctic region. This shielding layer is made up of snow and ice. When that shielding layer melts, there’s greater amount of sunlight absorbed by the earth there by becoming hotter.

Tremendous increase in the temperature has already affected the Alaska forest by increasing the growth of pests. These pests grow faster in warmer conditions. It was found that these pests have fed around 3.4 million acres of forest in one decade from 1993 to 2003.
Melting glaciers and land-based ice sheets has contributed to increment in the sea levels, bullying low-lying areas around the earth with beach erosion, coastal flooding, and contamination of freshwater supplies. Mainly the island nations are at greatest threat as more than half of their population lies in the region which is just 6 feet above the sea level, e.g. Maldives. Even few key cities like Shanghai and Lagos are likely to face similar problems.

 5. Can anything be done to halt global warming?
Yes. To generate electricity and power our vehicles, we gut fossil fuels like oil, coal and gas. This in turn produces the green house gases that cause global warming. The more we burn, the faster will be the rate of global warming. From this it’s clear that all we have to do is to conserve energy.
And we can do it. Technologies has improved allot today that make cars that run and burn less gas, generate electricity from wind and sun, modernize power plants, and build refrigerators, air conditioners and the  buildings that utilizes less power. This all can be more effective if every individual contributes his level in saving energy and thereby halting global warming.

WEATHER GONA REMAIN UNCERTAIN DUE TO CLIMATE CHANGES

THIS YEAR THERE ARE GOING TO BE VARIOUS ADVERSE EFFECTS OF WEATHER ON THE ENVIRONMENT. ITS GOING TO BE VERY HARSH.
           FOR INSTANCE, THE FLOODS  WHICH RECENTLY TOOK PLACE IN ISLAMABAD, PAKISTAN IS VERY MUCH EXAMPLE OF ADVERSE EFFECT ON WEATHER, CREATED BY HUMANS, IN THE FORM OF GLOBAL WARMING BY EMITTING VARIOUS GREEN HOUSE GASES INTO ATMOSPHERE. THIS FLOOD TOKE THOUSANDS OF LIFE WEATHER THEY CONTRIBUTED TO GLOBAL WARMING OR NOT.
           ITS WAS FOUND THAT, CHINA TOPS THE PLACE IN EMITTING GREEN HOUSE GASES AFTER US. ALSO ITS BEING PREDICTED THAT THIS YEAR WOULD HAVE HOTTEST N COLDEST TEMPERATURES.
         IF THIS EMISSION OF GREEN HOUSE GASES IS NOT CURBED, THEN U WILL B ABLE TO SEE THOSE THINGS WHICH ARE OUT OF OUR IMAGINATION. SIMPLY DESTROY THE HUMAN LIFE IN FEW YEARS OR SO.
       SO WE HAVE TO SAVE OUR EARTH AND OUR SELF TOOO 
           

         

INCREÅSE IN WATER SÙRFÀCE-LAND SUBMERGES

As the earths temperature is increasing tremendously due to green house gases, the had caps of the mountains have started to melt. This in turn is cause increase in the water of various water bodies. When these excess water spreads out it submergers some portion of land depending on the amount of had being melted. More the melting more the water is formed and more land portion will submerge. This will cause shortage in land. At the same time the human population is increasing at a greater speed which in turn demands in increment in land requirement. So this goes on and on. Elimination of pollution is impossible, but it can be controlled. Its all in our hand. So let up put our hands together and rate our earth:-)

THE TREES & VARIOUS LAWS RELATED TO THEM

there are various laws apart from those for robbery, corruption, etc. these laws are made to protect the trees. Many of them might not even know that there are laws to protect the trees. These are all due to lack of knowledge and awareness.

i would like to bring to awareness to the readers about the trees.

    * THE OVER HEAD PROBLEMS

    These are those problems those occur above the earths surface. For instance if the grows to high along with that if its branches are also wide spread it will have a collition with wires and many other materials. If for such reasons we cut them completely then it will in turn harm us. We should have the tendency of giving & taking in life, weather it be with people or trees. then only we can live our life with peace & harmony.

  * THE UNDER GROUND PROBLEM
`    These are the various problems that cannot be symptomless at the initial stages. Some tree grows more under the ground at various angles, length. Depending upon the depth the problem might arise. If these roots find any obstacles then comes the problem. these problems causes huge disaster then the overhead one.

    * Trees

    There are several laws that are imposed by Tree Prevention Orders. These includes various amounts of fine depending upon the crime the one has committed. The supreme court has imposed various laws to protect the trees. Strict action can be taken on the one because of whom the single tree has died or the whole area of trees are affected. These various laws to protect the trees can be suggested by anyone. The one who wants any law to be made in the favor of trees can approach the District Council. But the final decision is taken by Department of the Environment (DEFRA).
     
      Bushes, hedgerows and young trees doesn't come under this protection unless they belong to a rare species of form part of a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI).

    For any tree to be fallen a license is required from the Forest Ministry, otherwise it is punishable offense.

Eye To Eye: Vanishing Ice Caps (CBS News)

The Ice Caps Are Melting

VIEWS ON GLOBAL WARMING

Per capita greenhouse gas emissions in 2000, including land-use change.

Total greenhouse gas emissions in 2000, including land-use change.

There are different views over what the appropriate policy response to climate change should be. These competing views weigh the benefits of limiting emissions of greenhouse gases against the costs. In general, it seems likely that climate change will impose greater damages and risks in poorer regions.

POLITICS

Developing and developed countries have made different arguments over who should bear the burden of costs for cutting emissions. Developing countries often concentrate on per capita emissions, that is, the total emissions of a country divided by its population. Per capita emissions in the industrialized countries are typically as much as ten times the average in developing countries. This is used to make the argument that the real problem of climate change is due to the profligate and unsustainable lifestyles of those living in rich countries. On the other hand, commentators from developed countries more often point out that it is total emissions that matter. In 2008, developing countries made up around half of the world's total emissions of CO₂ from cement production and fossil fuel use.

 The Kyoto Protocol, which came into force in 2005, sets legally binding emission limitations for most developed countries. Developing countries are not subject to limitations. This exemption led the U.S. (under President George W. Bush) and a previous Australian Government to decide not to ratify the treaty. At the time, almost all world leaders expressed their disappointment over President Bush's decision. Australia has since ratified the Kyoto protocol.

PUBLIC OPINION

In 2007–2008 Gallup Polls surveyed 127 countries. Over a third of the world's population was unaware of global warming, with people in developing countries less aware than those in developed, and those in Africa the least aware. Of those aware, Latin America leads in belief that temperature changes are a result of human activities while Africa, parts of Asia and the Middle East, and a few countries from the Former Soviet Union lead in the opposite belief. In the Western world, opinions over the concept and the appropriate responses are divided. Nick Pigeon of Cardiff University finds that "results show the different stages of engagement about global warming on each side of the Atlantic"; where Europe debates the appropriate responses while the United States debates whether climate change is happening.

OTHER VIEWS

Most scientists accept that humans are contributing to observed climate change. National science academies have called on world leaders for policies to cut global emissions. There are, however, some scientists and non-scientists who question aspects of climate change science.

Organizations such as the libertarian Competitive Enterprise Institute, conservative commentators, and companies such as ExxonMobil have challenged IPCC climate change scenarios, funded scientists who disagree with the scientific consensus, and provided their own projections of the economic cost of stricter controls. Environmental organizations and public figures have emphasized changes in the current climate and the risks they entail, while promoting adaptation to changes in infrastructural needs and emissions reductions. Some fossil fuel companies have scaled back their efforts in recent years, or called for policies to reduce global warming.

UNFCCC

Most countries are Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The ultimate objective of the Convention is to prevent "dangerous" human interference of the climate system. As is stated in the Convention, this requires that GHGs are stabilized in the atmosphere at a level where ecosystems can adapt naturally to climate change, food production is not threatened, and economic development can proceed in a sustainable fashion.

The UNFCCC recognizes differences among countries in their responsibility to act on climate change. In the Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC, most developed countries (listed in Annex I of the treaty) took on legally binding commitments to reduce their emissions. Policy measures taken in response to these commitments have reduced emissions. For many developing (non-Annex I) countries, reducing poverty is their overriding aim.

At the 15^th UNFCCC Conference of the Parties, held in 2009 at Copenhagen, several UNFCCC Parties produced the Copenhagen Accord. Parties agreeing with the Accord aim to limit the future increase in global mean temperature to below 2 °C.

RESPONSES TO GLOBAL WARMING

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is an approach to mitigation. Emissions may be sequestered from fossil fuel power plants, or removed during processing in hydrogen production. When used on plants, it is known as bio-energy with carbon capture and storage.

Reducing the amount of future climate change is called mitigation of climate change. The IPCC defines mitigation as activities that reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, or enhance the capacity of carbon sinks to absorb GHG’s from the atmosphere. Many countries, both developing and developed, are aiming to use cleaner, less polluting, technologies. Use of these technologies aids mitigation and could result in substantial reductions in CO₂emissions. Policies include targets for emissions reductions, increased use of renewable energy, and increased energy efficiency. Studies indicate substantial potential for future reductions in emissions.

Other policy responses include adaptation to climate change. Adaptation to climate change may be planned, e.g., by local or national government, or spontaneous, i.e., done privately without government intervention. The ability to adapt (called "adaptive capacity") is closely linked to social and economic development. Even societies with high capacities to adapt are still vulnerable to climate change. Planned adaptation is already occurring on a limited basis. The barriers, limits, and costs of future adaptation are not fully understood.

Another policy response is engineering of the climate (geo engineering). This policy response is sometimes grouped together with mitigation. Geo engineering is largely unproven, and reliable cost estimates for it have not yet been published.

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is an approach to mitigation. Emissions may be sequestered from fossil fuel power plants, or removed during processing in hydrogen production. When used on plants, it is known as bio-energy with carbon capture and storage.

Reducing the amount of future climate change is called mitigation of climate change. The IPCC defines mitigation as activities that reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, or enhance the capacity of carbon sinks to absorb GHG’s from the atmosphere. Many countries, both developing and developed, are aiming to use cleaner, less polluting, technologies. Use of these technologies aids mitigation and could result in substantial reductions in CO₂emissions. Policies include targets for emissions reductions, increased use of renewable energy, and increased energy efficiency. Studies indicate substantial potential for future reductions in emissions.

Other policy responses include adaptation to climate change. Adaptation to climate change may be planned, e.g., by local or national government, or spontaneous, i.e., done privately without government intervention. The ability to adapt (called "adaptive capacity") is closely linked to social and economic development. Even societies with high capacities to adapt are still vulnerable to climate change. Planned adaptation is already occurring on a limited basis. The barriers, limits, and costs of future adaptation are not fully understood.

Another policy response is engineering of the climate (geo engineering). This policy response is sometimes grouped together with mitigation. Geo engineering is largely unproven, and reliable cost estimates for it have not yet been published.